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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

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A Photo-Patternable Solid-State Electrolyte for High-Performance, Miniaturized, and Implantable Organic

Miao Xiong¹, Chi-Yuan Yang¹, Junpeng Ji¹

¹Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|August 22, 2025

Summary

A new photo-patternable solid-state electrolyte using carrageenan enables high-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and integrated circuits. This advancement overcomes limitations of aqueous electrolytes for advanced bioelectronic devices.

Keywords:

implantable bioelectronics integrated complementary logic circuits organic electrochemical transistors photo‐patternable solid‐state electrolyte

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Last Updated: Sep 10, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Bioelectronics
Organic Electronics

Background:

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key for next-gen bioelectronics.
Aqueous electrolytes in OECTs limit device performance, miniaturization, and integration.
Current limitations hinder the development of advanced implantable and integrated bioelectronic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel photo-patternable solid-state electrolyte for high-performance OECTs.
To demonstrate the capabilities of this new electrolyte in creating complex integrated circuits.
To explore the potential of these solid-state OECTs for implantable bioelectronic applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a photo-patternable solid-state electrolyte using kappa-carrageenan (κ-CGN) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA).
Characterization of the electrolyte's ionic conductivity, patterning capabilities, and stability.
Fabrication and testing of OECTs, complementary circuits (NAND/NOR gates, half-adders), and spiking circuits for vagus nerve stimulation.

Main Results:

The κ-CGN electrolyte achieved high ionic conductivity (>10 mS cm⁻¹), comparable to aqueous electrolytes.
Precise patterning down to 15 µm was achieved, with fast response times and minimal hysteresis.
Demonstrated functional solid-state complementary circuits (NAND/NOR gates, half-adders) and implantable spiking circuits for vagus nerve stimulation.

Conclusions:

κ-CGN-based solid-state electrolytes offer a promising platform for high-performance OECTs and integrated circuits.
This technology overcomes the limitations of aqueous electrolytes, enabling miniaturization and improved circuit integration.
The developed solid-state electrolytes pave the way for scalable, implantable bioelectronic devices and advanced neuromodulation applications.