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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Synergetic Use of Neural Precursor Cells and Self-assembling Peptides in Experimental Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
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Multidimensional Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Delivery and Microglial Reprograming in Spinal

Wu Xiong1, Minhao Liu1, Juan Wang2

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.

ACS Nano
|August 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with curcumin target spinal cord injury sites, reducing inflammation and promoting neural repair by reprogramming microglia. This approach enhances axonal regeneration and blood-spinal cord barrier restoration for improved recovery.

Keywords:
curcumin pretreatmentdual-targetingextracellular vesiclessingle-nucleus RNA sequencingspinal cord injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery is hindered by neuroinflammation and poor tissue regeneration.
  • Natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) show therapeutic promise but have limitations in bioactivity and targeting.
  • Developing engineered EVs is crucial for effective SCI treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a targeted extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery system, C-A/R-EVs, for enhanced spinal cord repair.
  • To improve the anti-inflammatory and neuroregenerative properties of EVs through curcumin pretreatment and specific targeting ligands.
  • To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of C-A/R-EVs in a spinal cord injury model.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered extracellular vesicles (C-A/R-EVs) using Angiopep-2 for blood-spinal cord barrier penetration and RGD for neovascular targeting.
  • Curcumin pretreatment of EVs to enhance therapeutic properties.
  • Single-cell nuclear RNA sequencing (SnRNA-seq) to analyze cellular responses.
  • Assessment of neuroinflammation, axonal regeneration, and blood-spinal cord barrier integrity.

Main Results:

  • C-A/R-EVs successfully targeted the SCI region and penetrated the blood-spinal cord barrier.
  • Engineered EVs reprogrammed microglia from a pro-inflammatory to a reparative phenotype, reducing neuroinflammation.
  • C-A/R-EVs promoted axonal regeneration by enhancing myelin debris phagocytosis and mitigating inflammation.
  • Restoration of the blood-spinal cord barrier integrity was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered EVs (C-A/R-EVs) offer a synergistic therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury.
  • Multimodal targeting and enhanced bioactivity of engineered EVs overcome limitations of natural EVs.
  • This approach shows significant potential for promoting neurological function recovery after SCI.