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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

118
Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

161
Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
161
Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

51
Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
51
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

1.1K
Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders

Published on: August 18, 2016

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Arrhythmogenic Isolated Right Coronary Vasospasm.

Michael R Kendall1, Blair Tilkens1, Joaquin Solis1

  • 1Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|August 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Coronary vasomotion disorders are often unclear due to limited invasive testing. This case highlights severe right coronary artery vasospasm, emphasizing the need for thorough functional testing in suspected vasospastic angina.

Keywords:
Prinzmetalacetylcholinemicrovascularnonobstructive coronary artery diseasevasospasmvasospastic

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Dual-Dye Optical Mapping of Hearts from RyR2R2474S Knock-In Mice of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Diagnostic Testing

Background:

  • Coronary vasomotion disorders are common in ischemic patients but poorly understood.
  • Invasive functional testing is underutilized for diagnosing these conditions.

Observation:

  • A case of isolated severe right coronary artery vasospasm was identified.
  • Acetylcholine reactivity testing revealed significant vasospasm and induced ventricular arrhythmias.

Findings:

  • Isolated right coronary artery vasospasm, though rare, can cause significant cardiac events.
  • Comprehensive diagnosis of vasomotor disorders requires reactivity testing of both coronary arteries when indicated.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of coronary vasomotion disorders is crucial for appropriate treatment selection.
  • Invasive functional testing, including right coronary artery evaluation, is essential for suspected vasospastic angina.