A pattern and lock strategy integrating acoustic patterning and hydrogel crosslinking for stable cell architectures

Cell patterning technology faces critical limitations in dynamic control, biocompatibility, and structural stability for reconstructing native tissues. Here, we establish an acoustic-hydrogel integration strategy that overcomes these challenges through synergistic physical-biological programming. Experimental validation using particle/red blood cells-patterned hydrogels demonstrated exceptional structural stability under physiological conditions. Fiber-optic spectroscopic sensing technology enabled long-term monitoring of the ex vivo deoxygenation process in patterned red blood cells. The "pattern-and-lock" paradigm fundamentally resolves the stability-biocompatibility trade-off by decoupling acoustic manipulation from hydrogel curing. Its translational significance spans precision transfusion platforms for red blood cells functionality screening and label-free microtissue models capturing dynamic metabolic processes. By converging acoustic programmability with hydrogel biofunctionality, this work provides a scalable biomanufacturing platform validated for next-generation tissue models and clinical diagnostics.