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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Cancer Therapies

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

Targeted Cancer Therapies

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Monitoring the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Exploring Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics

Monitoring the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Exploring Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics

Published on: June 7, 2024

Cancer Immunotherapy-An Overview.

Prakash Kulkarni^1,2, Dana Do¹, Sagun Shrestha³

¹Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.

Cancer Treatment and Research

|August 23, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight cancer, offering a vital treatment alongside traditional therapies. This overview covers immunotherapy types, benefits, side effects, resistance, and combination strategies for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Cancer immunotherapy Immunotherapy resistance Non-genetic mechanisms Phenotypic plasticity

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

Immunotherapy is a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, complementing chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
It leverages the patient's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells.
Despite significant advancements, understanding and overcoming treatment resistance is crucial.

Approach:

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of current cancer immunotherapies.
It details their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and potential adverse effects.
Resistance mechanisms and combination strategies are also discussed.

Key Points:

Explores diverse immunotherapy types and their specific applications in cancer care.
Addresses challenges such as immunotherapy resistance and strategies to overcome it.
Highlights the synergistic potential of combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies.

Conclusions:

Immunotherapy represents a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, offering new hope for patients.
Combination therapies and a "Team Medicine" approach are essential for maximizing treatment efficacy.
Further detailed exploration of immunotherapies across various cancer types is provided in subsequent chapters.