Balancing act: Drp1 inhibition and mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases

The heart is an organ that depends significantly on mitochondria to operate, since it requires a lot of energy, which mitochondria create, making them essential for the efficient functioning of the heart. The term "mitochondrial dynamics" refers to extremely dynamic organelles known as mitochondria that undergo cycles of fusion and fission to modify their appearance, distribution, and function. Drp1 or Dynamin-related protein 1, a primary fission protein, strictly regulates the elimination of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. This ensures that the complex processes of organ and cellular dynamics in the heart are strictly managed. Phosphorylation, SUMOylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination, S-nitrosylation, and O-GlcNAcylation are some of the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of Drp1 that contribute to the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. While abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics are a crucial component of the pathophysiology of a number of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the heart requires an effective mitochondrial balance to sustain cardiomyocyte metabolism along with contractile activity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the crucial function of Drp1 inhibitors in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, dysfunction of endothelial cells, smooth muscle remodelling, hypertrophy of the heart, high blood pressure, and myocardial infarction. We further highlighted the possible advantages of treating CVDs by specifically targeting Drp1.