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Manual Therapy for a Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain Rat Model
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Cost-effectiveness of spinal manipulation, exercise, and self-management for spinal pain

Brent D Leininger1, Karen M Kuntz2, James S Hodges3

  • 1Integrative Health and Wellbeing Research Program Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing, University of Minnesota, Mayo Memorial Building C504, 420 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA. lein0122@umn.edu.

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies
|August 24, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
Back painCost-effectivenessExerciseNeck painSelf-managementSpinal manipulation

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