Pathogen virulence genes: Advances, challenges and future directions in infectious disease research (Review)
Yun Chen1, Xiaolong Wu1, Chengcheng Xu1
1Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China.
Abstract:
Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, employ virulence genes to invade their hosts, circumvent immunity and induce diseases. The present review examines the categorization and regulatory mechanisms of virulence genes and their co‑evolution with antimicrobial resistance. The present review focused on the fimbrial adhesion H adhesion gene of Escherichia coli, the spike protein gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the enhanced filamentous growth protein 1 (EFG1) morphological transition gene of Candida albicans, as well as their roles in host adhesion, immune evasion and tissue damage. Application of technologies, including multi‑omics integration, artificial intelligence and CRISPR‑based genome editing, is discussed in the context of precision diagnostics, targeted therapy and vaccine development. By elucidating pathogen adaptation dynamics and host‑pathogen interactions, the present review offers a basis for reducing the global burden of drug‑resistant infections through improved surveillance and personalized interventions.
Insights
This review explores how pathogens use virulence genes to cause disease and evolve with antimicrobial resistance. Understanding these genes and host interactions aids in developing targeted therapies and vaccines against drug-resistant infections.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Genetics
- Immunology
Background:
- Pathogens utilize virulence genes for host invasion, immune evasion, and disease induction.
- Virulence gene regulation and co-evolution with antimicrobial resistance are critical factors in infectious diseases.
- Examples include virulence genes in *Escherichia coli*, SARS-CoV-2, and *Candida albicans*.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the categorization and regulatory mechanisms of pathogen virulence genes.
- To examine the co-evolution of virulence genes with antimicrobial resistance.
- To discuss the application of advanced technologies for combating infectious diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on virulence gene functions and regulation.
- Analysis of specific virulence genes: *E. coli* FimH, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, *C. albicans* EFG1.
- Discussion of multi-omics, AI, and CRISPR technologies in pathogen research.
Main Results:
- Virulence genes play key roles in host adhesion, immune evasion, and tissue damage.
- Antimicrobial resistance co-evolves with virulence, posing significant challenges.
- Advanced technologies offer new avenues for diagnostics, therapy, and vaccine development.
Conclusions:
- Elucidating pathogen adaptation and host-pathogen interactions is crucial.
- Improved surveillance and personalized interventions can reduce the burden of drug-resistant infections.
- Targeted strategies based on virulence gene understanding are essential for public health.
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