Elaborating PFAS characteristics for Chinese electroplating industry by target and nontarget analysis
Bo-Xuan Zhang1, Xiang-Zhou Meng2, Bao-Cang Han3
1Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Ecology and Environment Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
None:
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively used in the electroplating globally, yet the source characterization remains inadequately quantified. This study provides a high-resolution characterization of PFAS for the Chinese electroplating industry by combining target and nontarget analysis of samples, including chrome mist suppressants, plating bath solutions, wastewater, and sludge. A total of 91 PFAS homologues, spanning 14 classes, were identified by nontarget analysis. Predominant congeners include perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), monohydro-substituted perfluorobutanoic acid (H-PFBA), and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS). These originate from the diverse applications of mist suppressants, wetting and cleaning agents. Chromium plating wastewater exhibits distinct differences in both PFAS concentration and characteristics compared to other electroplating wastewaters. Notably, H-PFBA and OBS, two major PFAS identified through nontarget analysis, are reported for the first time in electroplating samples, warranting further investigation into their sources. With the ongoing implementation of the Stockholm Convention and stricter Chinese regulations on PFOS and PFHxS, an increased detection frequency and concentration of 6:2 FTSA as an alternative are anticipated. This is the first comprehensive study on PFAS characteristics for Chinese electroplating industry, providing critical insights for the source allocation of PFAS in the environment.
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