Membrane-associated mechanisms in plant responses to abiotic stress

The plasma membrane (PM) is a versatile and complex biological membrane, consisting of a dynamic assembly of lipids and proteins that protects the cell and separates it from its external environment. Lipids are essential in preserving the stability of the membrane while also regulating the activity of membrane proteins. Additionally, the PM significantly contributes to detecting environmental stress and serves as the primary target of its effects. These stressors induce modifications in the membrane composition, structure, and properties, which can ultimately disrupt cellular homeostasis. Ensuring the integrity and fluidity of the PM is vital for plants to survive harsh environmental conditions. The ability of plants to alter the composition of membrane lipids and proteins is vital for their adaptation to a range of abiotic stresses, such as extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, and heavy metal (HM) toxicity. Lipid remodelling influences the activity of membrane transporters which eventually governs the physical characteristics of the PM. To cope with harsh environment, plants rely on membrane transport systems working in tandem with the lipidome to uphold membrane stability. The review offers a comprehensive overview of the essential functions of PM proteins and lipids during stress, emphasizing the signalling pathways activated by the PM to counteract abiotic stress.