Advances in biomimetic nano delivery systems for pulmonary hypertension therapy

Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a condition triggered by various pathogenic factors, is characterized by a progressive increase in intra-pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary resistance and progressive right ventricular hypertrophy, eventually culminating in right heart failure. Despite the fact that the conventional treatments can alleviate symptoms, they are limited by sub-optimal drug accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature and low bioavailability. Currently, as an emerging technology, the Nano Drug Delivery System (NDDS) has played a decisive role in enhancing drug targeting and precision and concomitantly minimizing side effects. This paper aims to summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PH and the knowledge related to the preparation and modification of cell-derived Biomimetic Nano Delivery Systems (BNDS), and to review the latest advancements in the application of BNDS for PH treatment, thereby laying a theoretical reference and offering novel insights for developing effective therapeutic strategies for PH. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a life-threatening cardiopulmonary disorder with limited therapeutic efficacy. While nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems hold promise for addressing these challenges, the emerging field of cell-derived biomimetic nanodelivery systems (BNDS) represents a groundbreaking shift toward intelligent, targeted, and biocompatible therapeutic strategies. This review not only synthesizes the pathophysiological underpinnings of PH and the design principles of BNDS but also critically evaluates their transformative potential in overcoming pulmonary vascular targeting barriers and improving therapeutic precision. By bridging cutting-edge advancements in biomimetic nanotechnology with PH pathophysiology, this work provides a comprehensive theoretical framework and innovative perspectives to inspire the development of next-generation therapies, ultimately paving the way for improved clinical outcomes and reduced mortality in PH patients.