Spinal Robotics in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Key Concepts and Technical Considerations

Robotic assistance in spine surgery has long been pursued to innovate minimally invasive procedures and enhance patient safety, outcomes, operation time, and affordability. Over the past few decades, advancements in navigation and robotics have fundamentally transformed the role of technology in spine surgery, with their applications continuously expanding. In particular, this technology has made significant strides in the setting of adult spinal deformity (ASD), driving innovations for this technically challenging pathology. In this review, the authors explore key aspects of robotic assistance in ASD surgery, including software planning and construct design, pedicle screw placement, sacropelvic fixation, operative outcomes, and the learning curve associated with adopting this technology. Research articles for this qualitative review were indexed using PubMed and Google Scholar. The review also addresses the opportunities and challenges ahead in the field. Although this technology is in its relative infancy, the growing body of research is beginning to fully characterize its utility in surgery and its potential to redefine the standard of care.