Emerging Plant-Based Nanotechnological Advances and Molecular Insights for Type‑2 Diabetes, Diagnosis and Treatments-Recent Trends and Future Prospects

Type-2 diabetes, characterized by aberrant insulin secretion or increased hepatic glucose synthesis, accounts for approximately 90% of diabetes issues. This study explores current molecular and cellular advances related to T2D pathogenesis. Recent research on T2D about intracellular signaling cascades, inflammation, autophagy, genetics, and epigenetic changes is explained discretely. The present review discusses the available antidiabetic therapeutic strategies currently commercialized as well as their limitations that need to be acknowledged. Specifically, the review discusses how nanotechnology-based approaches nullify conventional antidiabetic therapeutics' inadequacy and heterogeneous nanoparticulate systems have been explored in diabetes research, and they're also listed in a tabular format. Furthermore, the research offers many strategic hypotheses as a potential application of nanotechnology in the future to improve the management of type-2 diabetes by developing a targeted nanodelivery system. In particular, attempts have been made to develop new treatment approaches based on nanotechnology that take advantage of autophagy and inflammasome target sites that have been previously identified. An explanation of how a smart targeted nano delivery system can inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway (inhibiting Gsk-3β), inhibit the inflammasome (inhibiting NLRP3), and activate autophagy target points (protecting the Atg3/Atg7 complex from oxidative stress) is provided through graphical description, which may mitigate the severity of type-2 diabetes.