Ultra-Low-Cost Homemade Reusable Tumor Resection Model With Realistic Haptic Feedback and Photograph-Based Navigation...

Neurosurgical education requires meticulous training tools that offer realistic haptic feedback and are, ideally, cost-effective. The current training models, including cadaveric specimens and high-fidelity simulators, are often expensive, inaccessible, and single-use, limiting their adoption in resource-constrained settings. To address this gap, we developed a novel, ultra-low-cost, reusable brain tumor resection model with realistic haptic feedback and photograph-based navigation.

A brain parenchyma-simulating model was prepared using slime mixed with shaving foam to achieve a tissue-like consistency. For tumor simulation, the slime was infused with phosphor powder to mimic tactile and visual characteristics. The model was calibrated for force measurements obtained from fresh sheep brain tissue as a reference and assessed using an electronic dynamometer. Surgical simulations were performed by 10 neurosurgery trainees who completed 3 resection trials over 3 weeks. Outcomes included resection time, tissue removal accuracy, and participant feedback, which were evaluated through surveys and statistical analyses.

Force measurements revealed no statistically significant difference between the model and sheep brain across various weight categories ( P > .05). Participants demonstrated significant reductions in resection times ( P = .006) and improvements in tissue removal precision ( P < .05) across trials. Finally, participants reported high satisfaction with the model's haptic realism, navigation system, and overall usability (mean scores: 7.06-7.14; Cronbach's α > 0.78). The total cost of the model is approximately $22.

This ultra-low-cost neurosurgical model allowed for the integration of realistic haptic feedback with reusable features. The model was adaptable and affordable, making it a promising tool for neurosurgery training, especially in low-resource settings.