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Leveraging Smartphone Mobility Data to Understand HIV Risk Among Rural South African Young Adults: Feasibility Study.

Thulile Mathenjwa1,2, Elphas Luchemo Okango1, Khai Hoan Tram3

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Smartphone GPS technology is feasible for studying mobility in rural South Africa, despite data collection challenges. Engagement strategies like reverse billing and gamification significantly improved data collection from young adults.

Keywords:
GPSHIVgeographic mobilityglobal positioning systemmigrationsmartphoneyoung people

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Area of Science:

  • Mobile health technology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public health research

Background:

  • Smartphones offer unprecedented scale for studying human mobility and its links to HIV risk and treatment.
  • Leveraging smartphone technology in rural settings for HIV research presents unique challenges and opportunities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using smartphone GPS technology for collecting mobility data from young adults in rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
  • To identify key lessons learned for enhancing data collection in similar contexts.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-phase study (June 2021-May 2023) enrolled 207 young adults (20-30 years) in rural South Africa.
  • Participants used a study app on provided or personal smartphones to record GPS locations every 30 minutes.
  • Engagement strategies, including reverse billing and gamification, were implemented to overcome connectivity barriers and improve data collection.

Main Results:

  • 204 participants provided mobility data, generating 27.6 million location points.
  • An average of 28.4% of expected weekly location data was collected, with improvements noted in Phase II due to user engagement.
  • Challenges included phone issues, app terminations, and limited internet connectivity; however, engagement strategies enhanced data collection.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone GPS technology is feasible for studying mobility in rural young adults, though data completeness was limited (28.4%).
  • Engagement strategies, specifically reverse billing and gamification, significantly improved location data acquisition.
  • Findings highlight the potential of mobile health tools for supporting high-risk mobile populations within health systems.