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Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Two-dimensional Porcine Intestinal Organoids Reflecting the Physiological Properties of Native Gut
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Published on: January 31, 2025

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Age-Dependent Amino Acid Metabolism.

Caiyun You1, Xiaoyi Long1, Haiyang Wei1

  • 1Research Center for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of Nutrition
|August 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pig liver and intestinal amino acid metabolism changes with age. Jejunal enzyme activity increases, while liver ornithine cycle enzymes and mTORC1 signaling decrease, with gut microbes linked to metabolites.

Keywords:
amino acid metabolismglutamine cyclegrowing-finishing pigsgut microbiotaornithine cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Physiology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Gastrointestinal Metabolism

Background:

  • Understanding pig amino acid metabolism in the liver and intestines is crucial for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency through nutritional strategies.
  • Age-dependent metabolic shifts significantly impact nutrient processing and overall animal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in amino acid metabolism within the liver and intestinal tissues of growing-finishing pigs.
  • To identify key metabolic pathways and microbial associations influenced by age in pigs.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty growing-finishing pigs were fed a standard diet and euthanized at five different ages (90, 120, 150, 180, 210 days).
  • Analysis included metabolic enzyme activity, gene and protein expression, microbiota composition, and metabolomics in liver, jejunal mucosa, and intestinal contents.
  • Statistical analysis utilized SAS 9.2 linear/quadratic models to determine age-dependent effects.

Main Results:

  • Liver ornithine cycle enzyme activities (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase-Ⅰ, ornithine transcarbamylase) and target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling decreased with age, particularly at day 210.
  • Jejunal mucosa enzyme activities (glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) increased with age, showing higher levels at day 210 compared to day 90.
  • Liver metabolomics revealed 31 differentially abundant metabolites, enriched in tryptophan/glutamate metabolism, with correlations found between specific glutamate/tryptophan metabolites and colonic microbes like Temporobacter.

Conclusions:

  • Jejunal glutamine-cycle enzyme activities increase with age, contrasting with a decline in liver ornithine-cycle enzyme activity and mTORC1 expression.
  • Specific colonic bacteria, such as Temporobacter, are significantly associated with host glutamate and tryptophan metabolites, indicating a gut-microbiota-metabolite axis.
  • These age-dependent metabolic shifts in pigs highlight important physiological changes relevant to nutrition and gut health.