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Artificial Intelligence in Planning for Spine Surgery.

Iyad S Ali1, Yianni Bakaes2,3, James S MacLeod2,4

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. iyad.ali@northwestern.edu.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are revolutionizing spine surgery. These technologies enhance surgical precision, optimize workflows, and personalize patient care from planning to recovery.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceMachine learningNavigationReal-time decision supportSpine surgerySurgical planning

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Area of Science:

  • Spine Surgery
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • The role of AI and ML in spine surgery is expanding across operative planning, intraoperative navigation, and postoperative management.
  • AI offers patient-specific strategies to improve surgical accuracy, reduce risks, and enhance patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expanding role and impact of AI and ML in spine surgery.
  • To highlight advancements in AI-driven preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, and postoperative management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of AI models, including neural networks, for patient selection and outcome prediction.
  • Analysis of AI-supported 3D modeling for anatomical reconstruction.
  • Evaluation of AI-driven virtual and augmented reality systems in intraoperative navigation.
  • Assessment of real-time AI decision support and postoperative AI applications for risk stratification and discharge planning.

Main Results:

  • AI models demonstrate high accuracy in preoperative planning, outperforming traditional algorithms.
  • Machine learning accelerates patient-specific 3D anatomical reconstructions.
  • AI navigation systems improve screw placement precision and significantly reduce radiation exposure.
  • AI applications decrease operative time, lower postoperative risks, and accurately predict adverse events and extended hospital stays.

Conclusions:

  • AI technologies are transforming spine surgery by enhancing precision, optimizing workflows, and personalizing care.
  • Despite challenges in data diversity and ethics, AI is poised to further refine spine surgery.
  • AI offers efficient and personalized solutions for improved patient outcomes in spine care.