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Related Concept Videos

Cell Culture01:21

Cell Culture

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Most vertebrate cells grow in vitro attached to a substrate as a monolayer, called adherent cultures. The flasks and plates used to grow cells are chemically treated to facilitate cell attachment. However, a few cell types, such as hematopoietic cells, can grow in a suspension. In contrast to adherent cultures, suspension cultures can grow in non-treated cultureware using magnetic stirrers or spinner flasks to agitate the culture media
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Cell Lines01:16

Cell Lines

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A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain number of cell divisions, a process known as replicative senescence. This number, called the Hayflick limit, was conceptualized by Leonard Hayflick in 1961 when he observed that fetal cells grown in culture could only divide 40-60 times. This limit is due to the shortening of the telomeres during each round of cell division, preventing cell division...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines
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In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines

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Developing sex-accurate cell culture environments.

Alexandra N Borelli1, Kristyn S Masters1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

Nature Reviews Bioengineering
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is sex-dependent. Future research must use sex-specific scaffolds to ensure accurate cell culture platforms.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in cellular function and tissue development.
  • The influence of biological sex on ECM composition and behavior is often overlooked.
  • Current cell culture models may not fully recapitulate in vivo conditions due to a lack of sex-specific considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the under-recognized sex-dependent nature of the extracellular matrix.
  • To emphasize the necessity of incorporating sex as a biological variable in designing cell culture environments.
  • To propose the use of sex-specific scaffolds for creating more accurate in vitro platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on extracellular matrix composition and sex differences.

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  • Analysis of current cell culture methodologies and their limitations regarding sex as a biological variable.
  • Conceptual framework for designing sex-accurate culture platforms using sex-specific biomaterials.

    • Main Results:

    • The extracellular matrix exhibits significant sex-dependent variations.
    • Standard cell culture practices often fail to account for these sex differences.
    • Sex-specific scaffolds are crucial for developing holistically sex-accurate in vitro models.

    Conclusions:

    • Recognizing the ECM as a sex-dependent entity is vital for advancing biological research.
    • Incorporating sex-specific scaffolds in culture environments will lead to more physiologically relevant data.
    • This approach is essential for improving the translation of research findings to clinical applications.