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Nociception

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Published on: February 16, 2017

Detecting Feigned Pain Using an Eye-Tracker Integrated Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

Yoram Braw¹, Itay Goor-Aryeh^2,3, Motti Ratmansky^2,3

¹Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

Pain Practice : the Official Journal of World Institute of Pain

|August 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The new eye-tracker integrated Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS_ETI) shows promise for detecting feigned pain. While eye movements were not effective, pain ratings from the NPRS_ETI demonstrated good discriminative capacity.

Keywords:

chronic pain eye movements feigning numerical pain rating scale (NPRS)

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Area of Science:

Pain assessment
Medical technology
Psychology

Background:

The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a standard tool for assessing pain severity.
Feigned pain detection is a significant clinical challenge.
A novel NPRS integrated with an eye tracker (NPRS_ETI) has been developed.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the utility of the NPRS_ETI in detecting feigned pain.
To evaluate eye movement patterns and pain ratings as potential indicators of pain simulation.

Main Methods:

Chronic pain outpatients were randomly assigned to either a simulation (exaggerating pain) or a control (genuine pain reporting) group.
Participants rated their pain severity using the NPRS_ETI.
Eye movement data and pain ratings were analyzed for discriminative capacity.

Main Results:

Simulators exhibited different eye movement patterns (more time on high ratings, less on 'No pain' anchor) but with poor discrimination.
NPRS_ETI pain ratings demonstrated excellent discriminative capacity, with a rating of 10 showing 94.3% specificity and 26.5% sensitivity for feigned pain.
Eye movement measures were inadequate for detecting feigned pain, but pain ratings showed promise.

Conclusions:

The NPRS_ETI is feasible for pain assessment, especially for patients with motor or speech impairments.
While eye movement metrics did not effectively detect feigned pain, pain ratings from the NPRS_ETI show potential as a simple screening tool.
Further research is recommended to refine feigned pain indicators and understand cognitive processes in pain deception.