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Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.2K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

4.0K
Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between...
4.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.3K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
3.3K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

2.2K
Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo,...
2.2K
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

2.0K
Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
2.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.8K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Multicomponent strategies for synthesizing naphthyridine derivatives: recent advances and mechanistic insights.

Darakshan1, Tasneem Parvin1

  • 1Department of Chemical Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology Patna, Ashok Rajpath, Patna-800005, Bihar, India. tasneem@nitp.ac.in.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
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This review covers new one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for synthesizing naphthyridine derivatives. These efficient methods offer diverse structures for pharmaceutical and material science applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Heterocyclic Chemistry

Background:

  • Naphthyridine, a bicyclic aromatic N-heterocycle, is crucial in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and catalysis.
  • Naphthyridine derivatives exhibit broad biological activities, driving interest in their synthesis.
  • One-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are increasingly vital for efficient organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in naphthyridine derivative synthesis using MCRs.
  • To highlight innovative MCR strategies, reaction mechanisms, and substrate scope for naphthyridine scaffold construction.
  • To serve as a resource for researchers on current trends and future directions in naphthyridine chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for synthesizing naphthyridine derivatives.
  • Review of various MCR strategies, including innovative methodologies.
  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms and substrate applicability in naphthyridine synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of MCRs as powerful tools for efficient, atom-economical synthesis of diverse naphthyridine structures.
  • Identification of novel synthetic routes and methodologies for constructing naphthyridine scaffolds.
  • Compilation of substrate scope and reaction conditions for various MCRs.

Conclusions:

  • MCRs offer an efficient and versatile approach to synthesizing diverse naphthyridine derivatives.
  • Recent advancements provide valuable insights into naphthyridine chemistry and its applications.
  • This review encourages further innovation in the synthesis and application of naphthyridines.