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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Cryogenic continuous-wave optical spectrometer for sub-THz frequencies.

L Rogić1, N Somun1, S Griffitt1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička 32, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

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We developed a sensitive optical spectrometer for millimeter-wave frequencies (50-1000 GHz) that excels at cryogenic temperatures. This instrument allows precise absorption measurements, even for challenging reflective materials, and is ideal for studying magnetic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Millimeter-wave spectroscopy is crucial for characterizing materials, particularly their magnetic and electronic properties.
  • Existing instruments often face limitations in sensitivity, dynamic range, and operating conditions, especially at cryogenic temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and present a novel, highly sensitive continuous-wave optical spectrometer for millimeter-wave frequencies (50-1000 GHz).
  • To achieve optimal performance at cryogenic temperatures for enhanced measurement capabilities.
  • To enable accurate absorption coefficient measurements for a wide range of materials, including highly reflective ones.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes photomixing of near-infrared light to generate millimeter-wave radiation across a broad frequency spectrum.
  • Determines optical power absorption by directly measuring sample temperature.
  • Designed for optimal performance at cryogenic temperatures, including liquid-helium temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Achieves a dynamic range of up to 10^6 for the absorption coefficient at cryogenic temperatures.
  • Demonstrates suitability for measurements on highly reflective samples.
  • Validated performance through measurements of ferromagnetic resonance in YTiO3, electron spin resonance in a reference compound, and antiferromagnetic resonance in a van der Waals magnetic material.

Conclusions:

  • The developed optical spectrometer offers unprecedented sensitivity and dynamic range for millimeter-wave measurements at cryogenic temperatures.
  • The instrument is versatile, applicable to various magnetic materials and compatible with high magnetic field environments.
  • This technology advances the study of condensed matter physics and materials science by enabling detailed characterization of magnetic resonances.