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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates
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Seizures in newborns: The missing evidence.

C Spagnoli1, G Ramantani2, F Pisani3

  • 1Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University-Hospital, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.

Seizure
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Frequent or prolonged seizures in newborns may harm neurodevelopment, but causality is unproven. Defining a high seizure burden is crucial for better neonatal neurology and predicting outcomes.

Keywords:
Brain injuryEtiologyNeonatal seizuresOutcomeSeizure burden

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Neurology
  • Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
  • Clinical Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Acute symptomatic seizures in newborns are linked to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, but direct causality remains unclear.
  • Clinical, electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables are studied, yet reliable predictors of postneonatal outcomes are challenging to identify.
  • The cerebrovascular and metabolic impacts of neonatal seizures are recognized contributors to adverse outcomes, particularly with prolonged or frequent seizure activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine factors influencing the association between neonatal seizures and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • To address the lack of consensus on defining a "high seizure burden" in newborns.
  • To explore the need for additional predictive variables beyond seizure frequency and duration for improved neonatal management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical studies and experimental models concerning neonatal seizures.
  • Analysis of cerebrovascular and metabolic effects associated with seizure activity.
  • Examination of EEG and MRI data in the context of neonatal outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged or frequent neonatal seizures show the strongest association with mortality or disability.
  • A significant knowledge gap exists regarding the precise definition of a high seizure burden.
  • Current predictive models may require additional variables to enhance clinical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing causality between neonatal seizures and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes requires further investigation.
  • Developing evidence-based management strategies necessitates a clear definition of seizure burden and potentially new predictive factors.
  • Further research in neonatal intensive care settings and experimental models is essential to refine understanding and improve patient care.