An overview of production, characterization, and bioactive potentials of Aspergillus exopolysaccharides

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Aspergillus have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their complex structural, chemical, biological, and functional properties. This article summarizes the literature published between 2011 and 2024, during which scientists extensively explored the production, structural characterization, and biological activities of Aspergillus-derived EPS (Asp-EPS). Various factors influence Asp-EPS biosynthesis, including nutrient composition, pH, temperature, and aeration conditions. Advanced analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), have been used to analyze their monosaccharide composition, functional groups, glycosidic linkages, and degree of branching. Asp-EPS demonstrate a wide range of bio-functional activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory, gut microbiome-modulating effect, emulsifying, and flocculating properties. However, only a limited number of Aspergillus spp. have been extensively studied for their EPS-producing capabilities. Further research into the genetic, metabolic, and rheological properties, with deeper investigation into the mechanisms underlying their biological activities, could support the development of tailored applications in diverse areas, including functional foods, pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, and environmental biotechnology.