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Which Score for What? Operationalizing Standardized Cognitive Test Performance for the Assessment of Change.

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American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

For intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), ability scores are best for tracking individual changes over time. Other norm-referenced scores often face floor effects, limiting their longitudinal analysis in rare genetic conditions.

Keywords:
Rasch analysisStanford-Binetage equivalentschange sensitive scoreitem response theorylongitudinal dataperson ability scorespsychometricsrare genetic conditionsstandard scoressum scores

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Longitudinal studies of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often examine cognitive, language, and motor development.
  • Normative scores like IQ are common but may not be ideal for assessing within-individual change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the use and interpretation of various Stanford Binet, 5th Edition score types.
  • To evaluate the suitability of different scores for longitudinal analysis in IDD populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from two longitudinal studies of rare genetic conditions associated with IDD.
  • Examined Stanford Binet, 5th Edition score types including IQ, extended IQ, Z-normalized raw score, developmental quotient, raw sum score, age equivalent, and ability score.
  • Assessed normality assumptions and floor effects for each score type.

Main Results:

  • Normality assumptions were questionable for all score types.
  • Floor effects rendered most norm-referenced scores unsuitable for longitudinal analysis.
  • Ability scores demonstrated the most valid interpretation for assessing individual change over time.

Conclusions:

  • Ability scores are recommended for tracking individual developmental trajectories in longitudinal IDD research.
  • Careful consideration of score properties, such as floor effects, is crucial when selecting measures for longitudinal studies.