Dengue virus: structure, genome, evolution and challenges to control and prevent transmission

Dengue virus (DENV) is a major global health threat, primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It manifests in mild to severe forms, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, causing significant morbidity and mortality. With four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), the virus exhibits rapid genetic evolution, complicating vaccine development and disease control. This review explores the structural and genomic characteristics of DENV, emphasizing its evolutionary pressures, immune evasion mechanisms, and emerging strains. The virus's adaptation to environmental and host factors has led to increased outbreaks, notably in tropical regions. Global warming and urbanization have exacerbated the spread, challenging current vector control strategies. Laboratory diagnosis remains complex, relying on molecular and serological techniques with varying sensitivity. The lack of effective antiviral drugs and universally protective vaccines highlights critical gaps in disease management. Ongoing genomic surveillance and integrated control strategies are crucial for mitigating the impact of new DENV variants. This review highlights the importance of investigating the effect of emerging dengue strains on society, as well as how environmental factors exacerbate their severity.