Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor metastasis: mechanisms, and therapeutic implications

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are reticular structures composed of DNA fibers, histones, and antimicrobial proteins released by neutrophils. They capture and remove foreign pathogens and play a crucial role in tumor development. The formation and release of NETs are regulated by various factors in the tumor microenvironment, including signaling molecules, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis released by tumor cells. NETs interact with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, collectively shaping its immune characteristics and participating in processes such as metabolic regulation of tumor cells, metastasis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis, all of which influence tumor progression. This review explores the multiple mechanisms by which NETs influence tumor progression, including their regulation of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, alteration of the tumor microenvironment, effects on angiogenesis and immune escape, and potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. It aims to reveal the critical role of NETs in tumor biology and provide a theoretical basis for future research and clinical applications.