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Genetic and Environmental Factors of Nicotine Addiction: Examination of Multiple Substance Addictions.

Muammer Albayrak1, Kemal Turhan1

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
|August 27, 2025
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Summary

Genetic predisposition influences nicotine addiction, but social context and motivation are key drivers for multiple substance addictions. Multifaceted interventions are needed to address complex addiction pathways.

Keywords:
nicotine addictionpolygenic risk scoresocio‐economic statusstructural equation modelingsubstance addiction

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Nicotine addiction is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Few studies examine the interaction of genetic predispositions and environmental variables in addiction.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of genetic variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and cytochrome P450 genes in nicotine and other substance addictions.
  • Examine the interplay between genetic risk scores, environmental factors, and addiction motives.
  • Determine the mediating roles of psychological and socioeconomic factors in addiction pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Computed a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) from 66,936 genetic variants in nAChR and cytochrome gene families.
  • Employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a dataset of 2969 individuals.
  • Assessed relationships between PRS, Wisconsin Index of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM), socioeconomic status (SES), and substance dependence (FTND, DSM-IV).

Main Results:

  • PRS significantly predicted nicotine dependence (FTND, DSM-IV) and showed smaller effects on alcohol and marijuana dependence.
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly influenced smoking motives (WISDM), which mediated multiple substance addictions.
  • Alcohol dependence acted as a central factor, impacting nicotine, marijuana, and cocaine addiction.

Conclusions:

  • Substance addiction arises from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
  • While genetic predisposition is significant for nicotine dependence, social context and motivational factors have broader impacts.
  • Multifaceted intervention strategies are essential for addressing diverse addiction pathways.