Chronosequence Resampling Elucidates Tree Community and Forest Structure Recovery Patterns in Restored Tropical...

Forest restoration is an essential tool for conserving biodiversity in tropical regions; yet, restoration outcomes in the Afrotropics remain largely understudied. Here, we investigated how the forest structure, tree diversity, community, life-history traits and habitat associations recovered over three decades of active restoration in an East African rainforest in Uganda. The vegetation surveys were initially conducted in 2013 and repeated in 2021. Altogether, the study included 45 actively restored forest sites (aged 4-26 years) and 10 primary forest reference sites. The results showed increased tree taxa richness, basal area, tree height and community similarity (i.e., the similarity of community composition of restored forests to the composition of primary forest) along the age gradient. After 20 years of planting, Simpson's diversity and canopy cover reached similar values recorded in the reference primary forest. In contrast, restored forests had not attained levels of tree taxa richness, basal area, stem density, or community similarity comparable to those of the reference primary forest within three decades. We found an age gradient from younger restored to older restored to the primary forest in the composition of tree communities. The proportion of species with animal-dispersed seeds was similar in the restored and the primary forest. The proportion of shade-tolerant and forest-interior species had increased along the age gradient in the 2021 survey. In conclusion, forest structure, diversity and community showed early signs of recovery, but the rate of change slowed over time.