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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

Entropy and Solvation

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...

Entropy

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Characterising high-order interdependence via entropic conjugation.

Fernando E Rosas^1,2,3,4, Aaron J Gutknecht⁵, Pedro A M Mediano^6,7

¹Sussex AI and Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.

Communications Physics

|August 27, 2025

Summary

We introduce entropic conjugation, a new principle for understanding high-order dependencies in complex systems. This framework clarifies existing measures and identifies O-information as a key tool for analyzing system interactions.

Keywords:

Information theory and computation Statistical physics, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics

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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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Last Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

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Published on: January 16, 2016

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

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Published on: May 27, 2020

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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Published on: May 6, 2010

Area of Science:

Complex Systems Science
Information Theory
Statistical Physics

Background:

High-order phenomena are common in complex systems but difficult to formally characterize.
Existing information-theoretic measures of high-order interdependencies lack clear conceptual foundations and relationships.
This ambiguity hinders the selection of appropriate analytical tools for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce entropic conjugation as a formal principle for investigating high-order measures.
To clarify the nature and relationships of existing high-order dependency measures.
To identify gaps in the current literature on quantifying complex system interactions.

Main Methods:

Formal introduction of the entropic conjugation principle.
Analysis of symmetry and skew-symmetry properties of information-theoretic quantities.
Investigation of the estimation cost scaling of high-order measures with system size.

Main Results:

Entropic conjugation provides a unifying framework for high-order measures.
The principle reveals gaps and clarifies the nature of existing measures.
O-information is identified as a unique skew-symmetric measure with linear estimation cost.

Conclusions:

Entropic conjugation offers a principled approach to analyzing high-order interdependencies.
Symmetry and skew-symmetry are crucial indicators for balanced analysis.
O-information emerges as a natural and efficient measure for complex systems.