Function of SP1 in tumors and focused treatment approaches for immune evasion (Review)

Immune escape is a phenomenon in which tumor cells or infections evade detection and clearance by the host immune system in various ways. During an antitumor immune response, cells increase the concentration of pentameric stalk, which enhances antigen presentation and recognition by the immune system. It has been found that both increased and decreased levels of specificity protein 1 (SP1) control oncogenes, thereby influencing tumorigenesis and cancer development. Thus, elucidating the mechanism underlying the role of SP1 in tumors may help identify novel prognostic indicators. However, the immune escape mechanism involved in SP1 poses new challenges to diagnosis and treatment. The present review used a combination of analogies and summaries to explore the structure, function, regulatory mechanism and biological activity of SP1 in normal and cancer cells, and aimed to discuss the regulatory function of SP1 in different tumors, as well as the relevant association between SP1 and clinical diagnosis and treatment, which revealed the importance of SP1 in tumorigenesis and cancer development. The novelty of the present review lies in the identification of novel immune evasion mechanisms and immunotherapeutic techniques that provide new insights and approaches for a deeper understanding of the role of SP1 in malignant tumors.