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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostic studies are pivotal in confirming, ruling out, diagnosing, or staging various diseases, including cancers. Following diagnosis, allocating time for discussions with the patient and providing informational resources is crucial. Diagnostic assessments of the GI tract often occur in outpatient settings like endoscopy suites or GI labs. Preparation for these tests may include dietary restrictions, fasting, liquid bowel preparations, laxatives, enemas, and the...
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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

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The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Cervical Cancer Screening Using Papanicolaou Smear and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid and Their Correlation With

Eva Mishra1, Ekta Chaudhary1, Shweta Mishra1

  • 1Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur, IND.

Cureus
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear are effective cervical cancer screening tools. VIA offers high sensitivity for mass screening in low-resource settings, while Pap smear provides better specificity and accuracy.

Keywords:
carcinomacervical cancercolposcopymass screeningpapanicolaou testpapillomavirus infectionsuterine cervical neoplasmsvaginal dischargevisual inspection with acetic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cervical cancer is a significant cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), often diagnosed at late stages due to delayed detection and limited screening access in India.
  • This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening methods and their correlation with colposcopic evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic performance of VIA and Pap smear in detecting cervical abnormalities.
  • To compare the effectiveness of VIA and Pap smear as frontline screening tools in a resource-limited setting.
  • To analyze the correlation between screening results, colposcopy, and histopathological findings.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective observational study involving 170 women aged 25-65 years over 18 months.
  • Participants underwent both VIA and Pap smear screening; abnormal results led to colposcopy with Swede scoring and biopsies for histopathological examination (HPE) if Swede score ≥ 5.
  • Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-squared testing, and calculation of diagnostic parameters (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy).

Main Results:

  • VIA detected abnormalities in 32.9% and Pap smear in 22.9% of participants.
  • Colposcopy revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 as the most common finding (48.3%). Histopathology confirmed CIN 2 in 50% and CIN 3 in 40% of biopsied cases.
  • VIA demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 10% specificity; Pap smear showed 94.7% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Both methods showed statistically significant associations with colposcopic and histopathological findings (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • VIA and Pap smear are effective frontline screening tools for cervical cancer, with Pap smear offering higher specificity.
  • VIA's high sensitivity and ease of use make it suitable for mass screening in LMICs, while Pap smear is more accurate where infrastructure permits.
  • A tiered screening approach, starting with VIA followed by Pap smear and colposcopy for positive cases, can improve early detection and optimize resource allocation, contributing to WHO's 2030 cervical cancer elimination goals.