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Related Concept Videos

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Crystal Field Theory
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions
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Structural incorporation into goethite fractionates rare earth elements.

Sebastian T Mergelsberg1, Alex J Kugler1, Elaine D Flynn2

  • 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99354 USA sebastian.mergelsberg@pnnl.gov eugene.ilton@pnnl.gov.

RSC Advances
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rare earth elements (REEs) in iron oxide minerals are difficult to extract. This study reveals REEs can incorporate into goethite structures through protonated iron vacancies, impacting their extraction from ion adsorption deposits.

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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Mineralogy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial for modern technologies.
  • A significant portion of REEs in ion adsorption deposits (IADs) are hosted by iron oxide minerals, primarily goethite.
  • These goethite-hosted REEs are often considered non-extractable due to presumed structural incorporation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the atomic-level compatibility and incorporation mechanisms of REEs within goethite and its precursor, ferrihydrite (FH).
  • To understand the energetic favorability and structural sites occupied by REEs in iron oxyhydroxides.
  • To clarify the role of iron oxyhydroxides in REE fractionation during geological processes.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray pair distribution function analysis (PDF) to probe local atomic structure.
  • LIII-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to determine coordination environments.
  • Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to model EXAFS data and explore incorporation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • REE compatibility with goethite and FH follows the trend Lu ≥ Yb ≫ Dy > Nd.
  • Neodymium (Nd) and Dysprosium (Dy) primarily form secondary amorphous phases, with limited incorporation into goethite (<30%).
  • Lutetium (Lu) and Ytterbium (Yb) show significant incorporation into goethite-like structures, facilitated by protonated iron vacancies and edge-sharing configurations.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the atomic-scale mechanisms of REE incorporation into goethite, challenging previous assumptions of simple substitution.
  • Protonated iron vacancies and specific coordination environments are key to accommodating larger REEs like Lu and Yb within the goethite lattice.
  • This incorporation mechanism suggests that REE fractionation occurs during weathering processes forming lateritic and ion adsorption deposits.