Lost in .*VCF Translation. From Data Fragmentation to Precision Genomics: Technical, Ethical, and Interpretive...

Background: The genomic era has transformed not only the tools of medicine but the very logic by which we understand health and disease. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), Clinical Exome Sequencing (CES), and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) have catalyzed a shift from Mendelian simplicity to polygenic complexity, from genetic determinism to probabilistic interpretation. This epistemological evolution calls into question long-standing notions of causality, certainty, and identity in clinical genomics. Yet, as the promise of precision medicine grows, so too do the tensions it generates: fragmented data, interpretative opacity, and the ethical puzzles of Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUSs) and unsolicited secondary findings. Results: Despite technological refinement, the diagnostic yield of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) remains inconsistent, hindered by the inherent intricacy of gene-environment interactions and constrained by rigid classificatory systems like OMIM and HPO. VUSs (neither definitively benign nor pathogenic) occupy a liminal space that resists closure, burdening both patients and clinicians with uncertainty. Meanwhile, secondary findings, though potentially life-altering, challenge the boundaries of consent, privacy, and responsibility. In both adult and pediatric contexts, genomic knowledge reshapes notions of autonomy, risk, and even personhood. Conclusions: Genomic medicine has to develop into a flexible, morally sensitive paradigm that neither celebrates certainty nor ignores ambiguity. Open infrastructures, dynamic variant reclassification, and a renewed focus on interdisciplinary and humanistic approaches are essential. Only by embracing the uncertainty intrinsic to our biology can precision medicine fulfill its promise, not as a deterministic science, but as a nuanced dialogue between genes, environments, and lived experience.