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Hospital Pharmacists' Perspectives on Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Developed and Developing Countries: A
Javeria Khalid1, Tarilate Temedie-Asogwa1, Marjan Zakeri1,2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 27, 2025
Summary
Hospital pharmacists in the US and Pakistan show similar knowledge and attitudes towards adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting. However, systemic barriers hinder reporting more in developing countries, necessitating tailored interventions.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacovigilance
- Drug Safety
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) pose significant risks to patient safety and increase healthcare costs globally.
- Hospital pharmacists play a vital role in medication management and are key to improving ADR reporting.
- Underreporting of ADRs is a critical issue, particularly in developing nations with underdeveloped pharmacovigilance systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the knowledge, attitudes, perceived barriers, and facilitators of ADR reporting among hospital pharmacists in the US (a developed country) and Pakistan (a developing country).
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional survey utilizing a pre-validated questionnaire was administered to hospital pharmacists with at least one year of experience.
- Convenience sampling was employed to recruit participants.
- Data were collected from 151 pharmacists (51 from the US, 100 from Pakistan).
Main Results:
- No significant differences were observed in knowledge (p=0.193) or attitude scores (p=0.379) between US and Pakistani pharmacists.
- Barriers to ADR reporting were more pronounced in Pakistan compared to the US, affecting both individual and systemic levels.
- Facilitators identified include mobile reporting applications, specialized training, and user-friendly reporting tools.
Conclusions:
- Pharmacists in both developed and developing countries demonstrate comparable knowledge and positive attitudes towards ADR reporting.
- Context-specific barriers significantly impact ADR reporting, especially in resource-limited settings like Pakistan.
- Interventions must be customized to local hospital infrastructure to enhance ADR reporting, particularly in developing countries.
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