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Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) alters heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise, indicating neural microdamage. These HRV changes, particularly in sample entropy, suggest an upregulated sympathetic tone and may help predict injury risk in athletes.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Autonomic Neuroscience

Background:

  • Heart rate variability (HRV) is influenced by pain and physiological stress.
  • Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common consequence of strenuous exercise, often associated with oxidative stress and microdamage.
  • Understanding HRV alterations during exercise-induced DOMS can provide insights into the underlying physiological responses and injury mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) changes during exercise are affected by the subsequent development of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  • To analyze the relationship between heart rate (HR) and HRV parameters during a DOMS-inducing exercise protocol in elite athletes.
  • To explore the potential of HRV as a biomarker for detecting early signs of neural microdamage associated with DOMS.

Main Methods:

  • Nineteen young male elite handball players underwent an isokinetic dynamometer exercise session designed to induce DOMS.
  • Heart rate variability (HRV) measurements were continuously recorded throughout the exercise session.
  • Time-frequency domain HRV parameters and sample entropy were analyzed in relation to heart rate (HR) and DOMS severity.

Main Results:

  • The relationship between HR and time-frequency HRV parameters followed an exponential-like function, while entropy exhibited a V-shaped pattern.
  • DOMS induction led to an overall increase in time-frequency HRV parameters and a decrease in sample entropy, suggesting sympathetic nervous system upregulation.
  • HR-dependent sample entropy showed significant nonlinear differences between low-DOMS and high-DOMS groups, with lower values at lower HRs and higher values at higher HRs in the high-DOMS group.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear alterations in HRV occur in a heart rate-dependent manner during exercise that induces DOMS.
  • Systematically downshifted sample entropy values indicate an upregulated sympathetic tone preceding or accompanying DOMS.
  • These findings provide indirect evidence of initiating neural microdamage in DOMS and suggest HRV analysis could aid in monitoring injury risk in sports.