Properties of CO₂ Micro-Nanobubbles and Their Significant Applications in Sustainable Development

As an important part of global carbon neutrality strategies, carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, utilization, and storage technologies have emerged as critical solutions for reducing carbon emissions. However, conventional CO₂ applications, including food preservation, industrial synthesis, and enhanced oil recovery, face inherent limitations such as suboptimal gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency and inadequate long-term stability. Recent advancements in CO₂ micro-nanobubbles (CO₂ MNBs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across multidisciplinary domains, owing to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics encompassing elevated internal pressure, augmented specific surface area, exceptional stability, etc. In this review, we try to comprehensively explore the unique physicochemical properties of CO₂ MNBs and their emerging applications, including industrial, agricultural, environmental, and energy fields. Furthermore, we provide a prospective analysis of how these minuscule bubbles can emerge as pivotal in future technological innovations. We also offer novel insights and directions for research and applications across related fields. Finally, we engage in predicting their future development trends as a promising technological pathway for advancing carbon neutrality objectives.