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Prevalence and Risk of Meningococcal Disease or Carriage During Mass Gatherings and Associated Travel: Systematic

Mohammed Samannodi1, Hassan Alwafi2, Jihad Muglan1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia.

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Mass gatherings and travel increase meningococcal disease and carriage, particularly Serogroups A and C. New prevention strategies are crucial for controlling transmission during these events.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Meningococcal disease and carriage remain significant challenges, especially during mass gatherings (MGs).
  • Existing control measures for MGs and travel have limitations.
  • This study addresses the need for comprehensive data on meningococcal carriage in these settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of meningococcal carriage during mass gatherings and travel.
  • To identify predictors and risk factors for meningococcal spread in these contexts.
  • To inform public health strategies for disease prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to January 2025.
  • Inclusion of cohort and cross-sectional studies on meningococcal carriage prevalence, serotypes, and risk factors.
  • Quality assessment of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Main Results:

  • A meta-analysis of 25 studies revealed a pooled prevalence of meningococcal disease or carriage at 15.9% (95%CI: 4.45-27.4%) among individuals at MGs or traveling.
  • Serotypes C (13.9%) and A (11.5%) were the most frequently identified infecting organisms.
  • Factors such as age, gender, smoking, and vaccination status did not significantly impact infection risk.

Conclusions:

  • Mass gatherings and travel are associated with an elevated prevalence of meningococcal disease and carriage, notably Serogroups A and C.
  • Current interventions require enhancement to effectively control transmission during large events.
  • Development of novel strategies is essential for preventing meningococcal disease spread in high-risk populations.
Keywords:
hajjinfectionmass gatheringmeningococcustravel

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