Catch me if you can: biodegradation of nanomaterials and advanced materials

Biodegradation commonly refers to the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms. However, the term biodegradation has recently been usurped by the nano (bio)technology community with reference to the biological (enzymatic) degradation of nanomaterials and other advanced materials. Here we address the degradation or dissolution of nanomaterials and advanced materials including graphene-based materials and other emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials in the body and in the natural environment. Understanding the degradation profile of nanomaterials and advanced materials is relevant for the clinical use of such materials.