Bimetallic phenolic network nanoparticles mitigate ischemic stroke by alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting...

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease. Due to its complex pathophysiological mechanisms and the limitation of drug delivery by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), current treatments for IS still struggle to achieve ideal outcomes. In this study, a multifunctional bimetallic phenolic network nanoparticle (Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh) formed via simple metal-phenolic coordination-driven self-assembly of Mn²⁺, Sr²⁺, and rutin hydrate (Rh) was developed for IS therapy. As a natural pharmaceutical molecule, Rh exhibits various bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vascular-strengthening effects, with minimal toxicity. The formation of metal phenolic network (MPN) nanoparticles can effectively overcome Rh's poor solubility and BBB permeability while integrating the antioxidant and vascular enhancement properties of Mn^2 + and Sr²⁺ to play a multifunctional synergistic therapeutic role. The results demonstrated that the resulting Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh exhibits excellent dispersibility, acid-triggered release behavior, and pH-regulating properties. Cellular experiments showed that Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh was able to effectively cross the BBB and be internalized by neuronal cells. Moreover, in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model, Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh effectively scavenged intracellular ROS, rescued neuronal cell death, modulated microglial polarization, and enhanced angiogenesis-related functions. In vivo studies further reveal that Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh could largely reverse brain tissue injury and neurological deficits in tMCAO rats. The tMCAO rats treated with Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh exhibited reduced neuronal apoptosis, attenuated inflammation, as well as decreased autophagy levels. In conclusion, Sr₂/Mn₂@Rh represents a safe and effective novel therapeutic strategy for IS.