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Component optimization in optical and electrochemical paper-based analytical devices.

Rahmatollah Zarezadeh Mehrizi1, Marjan Majdinasab2, Mohammad Hadi Eskandari2

  • 1Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) offer a portable, low-cost diagnostic solution. Buffers and reagents are crucial for PAD performance, enhancing accuracy and enabling trace-level detection for diverse applications.

Keywords:
BuffersComponent OptimizationElectrochemicalMicrofluidicOpticalPaper-based Analytical device (PAD)Reagents

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are emerging as transformative tools for diagnostics.
  • Their utility spans healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety due to portability and low cost.
  • Optimizing PAD performance relies heavily on the precise function of integrated buffers and reagents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of buffers and reagents in the performance of optical and electrochemical PADs.
  • To highlight advancements in PAD technology driven by nanomaterials, microfluidics, and multifunctional reagents.
  • To discuss challenges and future trends in PAD development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on the impact of buffers and reagents on PADs.
  • Analysis of how buffer-driven pH stability and reagent-mediated selectivity/sensitivity influence detection.
  • Examination of how material science and microfluidic innovations enhance PAD capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Buffers are essential for maintaining pH stability and optimizing biochemical reactions within PADs.
  • Reagents provide critical selectivity, sensitivity, and signal amplification for accurate analyte detection.
  • Improvements in nanomaterials, microfluidics, and reagents have led to enhanced detection accuracy, reduced sample volumes, and trace-level analysis.

Conclusions:

  • PADs demonstrate significant potential for revolutionizing diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Addressing challenges like reagent stability and standardization is crucial for widespread adoption.
  • Future innovations in environmentally friendly materials and real-time remote diagnostics are promising, requiring interdisciplinary collaboration.