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Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
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Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among individuals with bipolar disorder in Pakistan - a gender-focused

Siqi Xue1, Muqaddas Asif2, Ameer B Khoso2

  • 1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1051 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bipolar disorder (BD) disproportionately affects women in Pakistan, who experience more severe symptoms and less research participation. Gender-sensitive care is crucial for improving mental health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderGender analysisLow- and middle-income countriesMental health equityPakistan

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Global Mental Health
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) is a significant global mental health challenge, particularly impacting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Limited research exists on the specific sociodemographic and clinical profiles of BD patients in Pakistan.
  • Culturally relevant interventions for BD require a deeper understanding of local patient characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) in Pakistan.
  • To identify gender-specific differences in symptom presentation and clinical outcomes among BD patients.
  • To inform the development of targeted and equitable mental health services for BD in Pakistan.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of 2553 participants with BD from two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Pakistan.
  • Chi-squared tests to assess gender disparities in clinical symptoms.
  • Logistic regression models adjusted for demographic and clinical variables to identify predictors of clinically significant symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Most participants reported low education, underemployment, and low socioeconomic status.
  • Women with BD were more likely than men to experience depression, anxiety, insomnia, and suicidality.
  • Women were less likely to be eligible for RCT enrollment, and female gender was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • This study represents the largest examination of BD patient characteristics in Pakistan to date.
  • Significant gender differences in BD symptomology highlight the need for gender-sensitive mental healthcare.
  • Promoting equitable and inclusive mental health services and research is essential in LMICs.