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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Flow velocity and boundary effects on fish interaction.

Gloria Mozzi1,2, Claudio Comoglio3, Costantino Manes3

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Environmental flow conditions and boundaries alter fish shoal formations. Fish adjust from side-by-side to in-line swimming as flow increases, especially near walls, impacting collective motion.

Keywords:
Collective behaviourFish interactionFish movementFish passageHydrodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Hydrodynamics
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Collective motion in fish shoals is vital for survival and influences fish passage solutions.
  • Freshwater migratory fish populations are declining due to habitat fragmentation.
  • Limited data exists on how environmental factors affect fish interactions and collective movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how flow velocity and boundary proximity influence the coordination rules of collective motion in fish pairs.
  • To understand the impact of environmental cues on interaction dynamics in riverine fish species.

Main Methods:

  • Used a reductionist approach, studying pairs of Italian riffle dace (Telestes muticellus) as the minimal shoal unit.
  • Tracked fish movement in a confined open channel flow across three bulk flow velocities (2, 4, 7 BL/s) and four spatial regions.
  • Analyzed shoaling time, formation changes, velocity coupling, and response times in relation to flow and boundary proximity.

Main Results:

  • Shoaling time was invariant to flow velocity, but fish formation shifted from side-by-side to in-line with increasing flow, particularly near walls.
  • Velocity coupling was stronger at short distances (<6 BL) and stable across flow conditions.
  • Longitudinal responses (~0.5 s) were flow-invariant and symmetrical, while lateral responses, mainly from rear to front fish, accelerated with increasing flow.
  • Longitudinal coordination occurred near walls and in the center, while lateral coupling peaked centrally and intensified with flow.

Conclusions:

  • Physical context, including flow velocity and boundaries, significantly shapes coordination strategies in riverine fish.
  • Findings provide empirical insights for designing effective fish passage solutions and improving fish movement models.