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Does Bovine Raw Milk Represent a Potential Risk for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Transmission to Humans?

Elisa Massella1, Simone Russo1, Anita Filippi1

  • 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Strada Faggiola 1, Gariga di Podenzano, 29027 Piacenza, Italy.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Bovine raw milk frequently harbors vancomycin resistance genes (vanC), but not the clinically critical vanA or vanB genes. This suggests raw milk may contribute to the spread of vanC enterococci, posing a potential risk for human infections.

Keywords:
Enterococcus spp.raw milkvanC genesvancomycin resistancewhole genome sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are critical nosocomial pathogens.
  • Food-producing animals and products are potential VRE transmission routes.
  • The role of bovine raw milk in VRE transmission requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiological role of bovine raw milk in VRE transmission to humans.
  • To screen raw milk for vancomycin resistance genes.
  • To characterize mastitogenic enterococci and assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Multiplex PCR was used to screen bulk milk samples for van genes.
  • Mastitogenic enterococci from individual milk samples underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
  • Whole genome sequencing was performed on vancomycin-non-susceptible strains.

Main Results:

  • vanC genes were detected in 29.14% of bulk milk samples; vanC1 (19.88%) and vanC2/3 (5.56%) were identified.
  • Clinically significant vanA and vanB genes were not detected.
  • 163 mastitogenic Enterococcus strains were isolated, with E. faecium and E. faecalis being most common; 65.03% exhibited multidrug resistance.
  • Two vancomycin non-susceptible strains (vanC2/3 E. casseliflavus and vanC1 E. gallinarum) were identified and whole genome sequenced.

Conclusions:

  • Bovine raw milk is unlikely to be a significant source of vanA or vanB VRE.
  • Raw milk may contribute to the dissemination of vanC enterococci.
  • VanC enterococci from raw milk are increasingly linked to human infections.