The Role of Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers in Pain

Background/Objectives: Pain-whether acute, chronic, or neuropathic-remains a leading cause of disability and reduced quality of life worldwide. Despite advances in pharmacologic options, interindividual variability in response and susceptibility to adverse effects continues to challenge clinicians. In recent years, pharmacogenetics has emerged as a promising approach to optimize analgesic selection and dosing based on patient-specific genetic profiles. This perspective examines current pharmacogenetic evidence in pain management, focusing on validated biomarkers and their clinical implications. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of recent literature addressing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic agents. Particular focus was given to genes involved in drug metabolism and transport as well as receptor signaling, along with the clinical applications of genotype-informed prescribing. Results: Substantial evidence indicates that genetic variants significantly influence patient responses to analgesics, contributing to both inadequate pain relief and heightened sensitivity to adverse effects. The main pharmacogenetic biomarkers appear to be CYP2C9 (for NSAIDs), CYP2D6 (for opioids and tricyclic antidepressants), CYP2C19 (for tricyclic antidepressants) and HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 for carbamazepine. PGx-informed strategies have shown promise in improving analgesic effectiveness, reducing opioid-related complications, and supporting opioid-sparing protocols. Conclusions: Pharmacogenetic screening represents a valuable tool for personalizing pain management. Incorporating validated pharmacogenetic biomarkers into clinical practice could improve treatment outcomes and patient safety. Further research, infrastructure development, and clinician education are essential for scaling PGx implementation in pain care.