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Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Comprehensive Review from Prenatal Life to Young Adulthood

Martina Avesani1, Elettra Pomiato1, Sara Moscatelli2,3

  • 1Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Myocardial hypertrophy (MH) in pediatric and young adults is diverse, ranging from transient conditions to genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM). Accurate diagnosis and personalized care are crucial for managing this complex condition.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Myocardial hypertrophy (MH) presents heterogeneously in pediatric and young adult populations.
  • It spans physiological and pathological entities, including genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM) with significant risks.
  • Differentiating MH from phenocopies like metabolic or syndromic diseases is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cardiac hypertrophy in young individuals.
  • To focus on etiologies, diagnostic methods, imaging, and therapeutic strategies for MH.
  • To guide clinicians in early recognition, evaluation, and personalized management of MH.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on myocardial hypertrophy in pediatric and young adult populations.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic modalities including echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).
  • Inclusion of molecular diagnostics and risk stratification tools like the HCM Risk-Kids model.

Main Results:

  • MH encompasses a wide spectrum, from transient neonatal hypertrophy to progressive genetic HCM.
  • Echocardiography, CMR, and genetic testing are key for diagnosis and characterization.
  • Risk stratification models aid decision-making but require individualized assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and comprehensive evaluation are essential for accurate diagnosis of MH.
  • Multidisciplinary care and personalized treatment strategies improve outcomes.
  • Understanding age-specific presentations and etiologies is vital for effective management.

Keywords:
echocardiographyhypertrophic cardiomyopathypediatric cardiology

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