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Perinatal and Childhood Risk Factors of Adverse Early Childhood Developmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review Using a
Kendalem Asmare Atalell1,2, Gavin Pereira1,3, Bereket Duko1,4
1Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
Summary
Adverse early childhood development is linked to many risks. Interventions must address individual, family, community, and societal factors for better child outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Child Development
- Public Health
- Systematic Review
Background:
- Early childhood developmental issues impact physical, cognitive, language, communication, and socioemotional domains globally.
- A socioecological model is utilized to examine perinatal and childhood risk factors for these adverse outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize perinatal and childhood risk factors for adverse developmental outcomes.
- To organize identified risk factors across individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels.
Main Methods:
- Systematic search of six databases for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies (January 2000 - January 2024).
- Inclusion of studies reporting risk factors for adverse developmental outcomes.
- Organization of findings using a socioecological model framework.
- Protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023447352).
Main Results:
- 175 studies were included in the review.
- Individual risks include preterm birth, low birth weight, male sex, chronic illness, undernutrition, and excessive screen time.
- Protective factors include exclusive breastfeeding, reading books, and storytelling.
- Interpersonal risks involve maternal age, education, mental health, and pregnancy complications.
- Community and societal risks encompass environmental pollution, education access, conflict, and healthcare access.
Conclusions:
- Improving early childhood development necessitates multi-level interventions.
- Future research should explore the impact of cultural diversity and environmental exposures on developmental outcomes.
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