Sol-Gel-Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanostructures: Advancements and Prospects for Spintronic Applications-A...

Spintronics, an interdisciplinary field merging magnetism and electronics, has attracted considerable interest due to its potential to transform data storage, logic devices, and emerging quantum technologies. Among the materials explored for spintronic applications, metal oxide nanostructures synthesized via sol-gel methods offer a unique combination of low-cost processing, structural tunability, and defect-mediated magnetic control. This comprehensive review presents a critical overview of recent advances in sol-gel-derived magnetic oxides, such as Co-doped ZnO, La_1-xSr_xMnO₃, Fe₃O₄, NiFe₂O₄, and transition-metal-doped TiO₂, with emphasis on synthesis strategies, the dopant distribution, and room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior. Key spintronic functionalities, including magnetoresistance, spin polarization, and magnetodielectric effects, are systematically examined. Importantly, this review differentiates itself from the prior literature by explicitly connecting sol-gel chemistry parameters to spin-dependent properties and by offering a comparative analysis of multiple oxide systems. Critical challenges such as phase purity, reproducibility, and defect control are also addressed. This paper concludes by outlining future research directions, including green synthesis, the integration with 2D materials, and machine-learning-assisted optimization. Overall, this work bridges sol-gel synthesis and spintronic material design, offering a roadmap for advancing next-generation oxide-based spintronic devices.