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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model
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Breaking Down Osteoarthritis: Exploring Inflammatory and Mechanical Signaling Pathways.

Wafa Ali Batarfi1,2, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus1, Adila A Hamid1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Osteoarthritis involves joint damage from mechanical stress and inflammation. Understanding these interconnected pathways offers new therapeutic targets for precision medicine in managing osteoarthritis.

Keywords:
cartilage degradationchondrocytescytokinesinflammationmechanical signalingosteoarthritis

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Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease involving cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, and inflammation.
  • OA pathogenesis results from complex interactions between mechanical stress and inflammatory signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual roles of inflammatory and mechanical signaling in OA.
  • To explore key molecular pathways involved in OA pathogenesis.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular signaling pathways in OA.
  • Focus on inflammatory pathways (NF-kB, JAK/STAT, MAPK).
  • Focus on mechanotransduction pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Integrin-FAK, Hippo-YAP/TAZ).

Main Results:

  • Mechanical stress and inflammation create a vicious cycle exacerbating OA.
  • Inflammation weakens cartilage, increasing susceptibility to mechanical damage.
  • Identified key molecular pathways mediating these interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Dissecting molecular mechanisms is crucial for novel OA interventions.
  • Targeting both inflammatory and mechanical pathways is key for precision medicine.
  • Emerging therapies include enzyme inhibitors, biologics, regenerative medicine, and mechanical interventions.