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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory Network Functional Connectivity as a Marker for Parkinson's Disease Severity.

Senal Peiris1, Anupa Ekanayake1, Jiaming Lu1,2

  • 1Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory impairment is more severe in akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease (PDAR) than tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease (PDT). This difference is linked to distinct olfactory network functional connectivity patterns in the brain.

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseaseUPSITfunctional connectivityolfactory networkresting-state fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Olfactory Research

Background:

  • Olfactory impairment is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • PD is clinically heterogeneous, with distinct motor subtypes like akinetic-rigid (PDAR) and tremor-predominant (PDT).
  • The relationship between PD motor subtypes and olfactory network dysfunction remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory function and olfactory network (ON) connectivity in PDAR and PDT subtypes.
  • To compare olfactory performance and brain connectivity between PD subtypes and cognitively normal (CN) individuals.
  • To explore the potential of olfactory impairment as a marker for PD severity.

Main Methods:

  • Olfactory function was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT).
  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to analyze seed-based functional connectivity (FC) of the olfactory network.
  • Participants included 17 PDAR, 15 PDT, and 24 CN individuals, matched for age and cognition.

Main Results:

  • PDAR patients exhibited significantly lower UPSIT scores compared to PDT patients.
  • Reduced ON functional connectivity (FC) was observed in PDAR compared to both PDT and CN groups.
  • Specific differences in FC were found in the primary olfactory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, hippocampus, and posterior cingulate cortex between PD subtypes and CN.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct olfactory network functional connectivity patterns characterize akinetic-rigid and tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease subtypes.
  • Olfactory performance correlates with motor subtypes and ON connectivity, suggesting a neural basis for olfactory deficits in PD.
  • Olfactory impairment may serve as a potential clinical marker for Parkinson's disease severity, particularly in the akinetic-rigid subtype.