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MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent
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Molecular Iodine Induces Anti- and Pro-Neoplastic Effects in Prostate Cancer Models.

Carlos Montes de Oca1, Lourdes Álvarez1, Carmen Aceves1

  • 1Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Molecular iodine (I2) exhibits dual effects in advanced prostate cancer, showing cytotoxic and anti-invasive properties. However, it also promotes neuroendocrine-like features and lipid accumulation via a mechanism independent of PPARG signaling.

Keywords:
PPARGTRAMPandrogen deprivationiodinelipidsprostate

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Advanced prostate cancer often develops resistance to antiandrogen therapy.
  • This resistance is associated with an aggressive neuroendocrine phenotype.
  • Antiandrogens can stimulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) signaling, promoting cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adjuvant effects of molecular iodine (I2) combined with androgen deprivation in prostate cancer.
  • To elucidate the role of PPARG in the observed effects of I2 and androgen deprivation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cell lines.
  • Employed TRAMP mice (transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate) as an in vivo model.
  • Simulated androgen deprivation using bicalutamide, enzalutamide, and charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum, with and without I2 treatment.

Main Results:

  • I2 induced cytotoxicity and, in surviving cells, stimulated neurite-like projections, altered lipid content, and reduced invasiveness.
  • Combined androgen deprivation and I2 treatment amplified these effects.
  • The PPARG antagonist GW9662 did not block the effects of I2, indicating a PPARG-independent mechanism.
  • In vivo, I2 increased prostatic desmoplasia in sham mice but did not alter castration-induced effects in TRAMP mice.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular iodine (I2) demonstrates both anti-cancer (cytotoxic, anti-invasive) and pro-cancer (neurite outgrowth, lipid accumulation, desmoplasia) effects.
  • These dual actions occur through a mechanism that is independent of PPARG signaling.
  • I2 presents a complex profile warranting further investigation in prostate cancer treatment strategies.